An Overview of Different Types of Antidepressants

Different types of depression treatments

Antidepressants are medications designed to alleviate symptoms of depression, a prevalent mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide.

With numerous antidepressants available, each with its unique mechanisms of action, understanding the different types is crucial for both patients and healthcare providers.

In this post, we will explore and discuss some of the commonly prescribed classes of antidepressants, their modes of action, and potential side effects.

  1. Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed class of antidepressants due to their relatively favourable side effect profile and efficacy. These medications work by inhibiting the re-uptake of serotonin, a neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation. Popular SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline, and citalopram. Common side effects may include nausea, headache, and sexual dysfunction.
  2. Serotonin-Norepinephrine Re-uptake Inhibitors (SNRIs): SNRIs are another class of antidepressants that work by blocking the re-uptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, thereby increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain. Examples of SNRIs include venlafaxine and duloxetine. Side effects may include increased blood pressure, insomnia, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
  3. Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs): Although less commonly prescribed today, TCAs were among the first-generation antidepressants. They inhibit the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, similar to SNRIs. TCAs include medications like amitriptyline and imipramine. TCAs have a higher risk of side effects, including sedation, dry mouth, constipation, and potential cardiac effects. They are usually reserved for cases where other treatments have been ineffective.
  4. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): MAOIs are another older class of antidepressants. They work by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This inhibition leads to increased levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain. MAOIs are generally used as a last resort due to their potential interactions with certain foods and medications, which can cause a severe hypertensive crisis. Examples of MAOIs include phenelzine and tranylcypromine.
  5. Atypical Antidepressants: This category encompasses a diverse group of medications with various mechanisms of action. Examples include bupropion, which primarily affects dopamine and norepinephrine, and mirtazapine, which enhances serotonin and norepinephrine release. These medications are often chosen based on individual patient needs and symptoms. Side effects can vary, but common ones include sedation, weight gain, and dry mouth.

The availability of different classes of antidepressants provides healthcare providers with a range of options to address the diverse needs of patients with depression. Selecting the appropriate antidepressant depends on factors such as symptom severity, patient history, and potential side effects.

It is crucial for patients to work closely with their healthcare providers to find the most suitable medication and dosage. Additionally, periodic monitoring and open communication are vital to ensure optimal treatment outcomes and manage any adverse effects.

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THE WORLD DEMANDS SUCCESS BUT IS FAILURE ESSENTIAL?

Life Coach for business

I’ve recently been thinking a lot about a friend and comments she made to me over dinner a few weeks ago. As a counsellor I’m used to friends sharing their thoughts and fears with me, it comes with the label of the job I do but every so often it throws up things that make me think that bit harder.

She had her first child a year ago, is now coming to the end of her maternity leave and the thought of returning to work fills her with dread. She’s loved being at home with her son for the past year and after being so happy she is scared stiff of what the next stage in her life will bring.

The more we discussed it the more she started to say that she’s never really enjoyed her job, like many people it was never her dream to work in the industry she found herself in, it just happened and 15 years later she’s still with the same employer. The more she talked the more it became apparent to me that her problems are much deeper than a fear of returning to work. She had got used to the comfort of the same job, the safety having been there for so long brings and the fact that she is familiar with the surroundings and her colleagues.

As we continued to talk (well she talked and I listened!) she eventually admitted that what she is really scared of is failing. She found a job that she is good at, one that she can do without having to worry about failing at because both she and her bosses know she is very capable. The idea of doing something different, taking a risk at something she may not be very good at seems abhorrent to her. In fact it turns out this fear of failure pervades every part of her life, she won’t take risks, won’t try something new and just continually does the same thing again and again safe in the knowledge she will succeed every time.

Human nature is to do the things that we do well more often than the things we don’t. If you are good at maths at school you are more likely to be a mathematician, if science was the subject you get A’s in then I bet I can guess which subject you studied at college.  Society loves success and pushes us to strive for it, tells us that if we are good at something that’s the path we should take.

How many kids though loved a subject that they didn’t excel in and so dropped it at an early age for one they had a better chance of success in? I for one loved tennis, I dreamed of being a professional player but the truth of the matter was that I wasn’t very good at it, I persevered for a while (thoroughly enjoying it the whole time) but when it became obvious I would never be very good at it I gave it up and took up running, a sport I thoroughly disliked but one I excelled at nonetheless.

What if we do this every time though?

What if we carry on in the career we dislike, study the subjects we have no passion for and partake in a sport we hate every minute of all because they are the things we are good at and are least likely to result in failure? Boredom that’s what, a sense of being unfulfilled and the looming day when we ask ourselves “what is the point”. The danger of course being that when we reach that day avoiding failure has become so ingrained in our psyche that we couldn’t take a risk to change things even if we wanted to.

Why do we do this? Do we not only truly learn when we fail? Certainly failing at things taught me a lot more than succeeding ever did. It is only when facing up to failure that we question what we did wrong and how we could have done things differently. It is the time when we learn the most about ourselves and our ability to get back up and try again.

So how do we avoid the next generation, our children, being so risk averse, so scared of failing that they won’t consider taking a risk to achieve happiness? The answer is surprisingly simple but by the same token not necessarily easy to do. Children model their parent’s behaviour, they learn through repetition so all they need to see is their parents being willing to take risks, not afraid to fail, not afraid to try and try again until they eventually succeed. Through this simple act they will intuitively start to understand that failure is a beginning not an end and only then will they will stop being scared of it.

Losing is not the end, failure is not the worst thing that can happen, it’s simply a step along the path to learning a genuine way to deal with life’s problems.

Thomas Edison so famously said “Many of life’s failures are people who did not realise how close they were to success when they gave up”.

Take a risk, accept failure is a part of life, take a chance things may work out and you may be surprised by quite how much you can achieve.

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SELF-ESTEEM – HARD TO FIND BUT EASY TO LOSE

overcome low self esteem

Who’s the most important person in your life?

Your wife, your kids, maybe you even answered Fido the dog.

Whatever you said unless the answer was “I am” then you’re wrong!

“How selfish” I hear you say, “I always put everybody before myself” and this may very well be true but if you and your happiness aren’t the most important thing in your life then you are doing all the other people you care about a disservice. For if you’re not happy in yourself and I mean truly look in the mirror and smile because you are so pleased with just being you happy, how can you be fulfilled in other areas of your life and if you’re not fulfilled in them then it’s guaranteed those that you care about aren’t getting the best of you.

Self-esteem is the key to happiness and it’s the first thing you can effect for yourself that will improve the lives of those around you.

I don’t know whether I have low self-esteem.

Take a minute to think over these questions:

  • Do you have confidence in yourself and your ability to achieve things?
  • Are you self-confident?
  • Do you say no even when you just want to say yes?
  • Would you like to have more respect for yourself?
  • Do you think other people are better than you?
  • How do you deal with criticism, objectively or does a negative comment effect your confidence?

Do your answers suggest you may be suffering from low self-esteem? If so you were probably already aware of it but deciding to do something about it isn’t easy.

Low self-esteem can come from anywhere. Often we were programmed with it to some extent as children. In our formative years being told we aren’t very good at something, are to too tall, too short or whatever it may be can have a negative impact on our self-esteem later in life. It’s not unusual, the vast majority of people have at least one Achilles heel that previous experiences meant their not confident in. The question is to what extent these thoughts or views of yourself impact on your life and that of those around you.

The great news is that low self-esteem isn’t set in stone. Working with a counsellor or life coach you may be surprised how quickly you can turn it around and start to enjoy life the way you’ve always wanted to.

I will lay out some great techniques for combatting low self-esteem later in the week but for now give yourself a little me time and try out the following task:

Plotting the events of your life on a graph will enable you to see the significant moments.

 On the horizontal line add a timescale for your life – at what point did the event happen?

On the vertical line add a scale from one to ten with one being unhappy or sad and ten as fantastic.

 Go through your significant life events as you see them adding them to the horizontal line as and when they occurred.

Now mark where on the vertical line they should sit as you remember them.

Spend a little time looking at the graph you’ve created and reflect on the individual events and at what stage in your life they occurred.

 Are there any trends you can see? Do happy events all sit close together and similarly sad events? Are they all jumbled up? Can you see any links between them? Whatever the result is what does it mean to you and your self-esteem?

Understanding how your life events have impacted on your self-esteem can help you recognise the danger when similar things happen again and this in turn will leave you better armed to deal with them in the future.

 At The Cambridge Counsellor we can offer counselling, life coaching and hypnotherapy that can help you work through self-esteem issues and teach you techniques that will enable you to move forward with your life with confidence. If you’d like to discuss how we may be able to help you please feel free to contact us.
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